Naturalist and interpretationist social science Essay

The naturalist approach to social sciences is based on content. The naturalist actually pays attention to what people say and considers their life stories as revealing phenomena. On the other hand interpretational approach, if people have beliefs and desires, an interpreter ascribes them. In this approach there are no independent facts of the matter about content. So there should be some way in which the content is interpreted as a set of revealing set of beliefs. In other words, there should be some agent and a system of methods (procedures) with which the interpretation is done. So, the basic assumption in interpretationist approach is that there is an acceptable behavior of the agent whose relation to the environment is understood and that the beliefs of the agent will match those of the subject he is interpreting (Davidson. D, 1993). The basic conflict between these two approaches is that the naturalist approach accepts the contents of the life stories of what people say, on the other hand the interpretationist accepts only those beliefs and desires that are ascribed by an interpreter. The naturalist accepts that independent facts can exist on the other hand the Interpretationalism does not accept independent facts about mental content. The naturalist accepts what people say on the other hand unless ways of interpreting the spoken word is not found Interpretationalism does not accept the set of beliefs that are held by person making the utterances. Let us consider a more general fact that is studied by social sciences, that if the supply of a product decreases then, â€Å"other things being equal† the price for their product will increase. The naturalist may study the life story of a commodity dealer who may give an account of how the prices of the commodities that he dealt with like wheat; barley and rye went up whenever there was a shortage of these commodities. The naturalist may then visit a grocer who may give a lifetime account of how every shortage led to increase in the prices of products he studies. The naturalist may proceed to take several such life stories, statistically significant and establish the cause and effect relationship between the shortage of supply and price increase. In case of Interpretationalism the scientist would approach an interpreter, in case of a commodity market it would not be the commodity dealer but an expert who would interpret the behavior of the dealers. The task of the interpretationist would be to first select the agent (agent) on the basis of his behavior in relationship to the market. The interpretationist would study the relationship of the expert with that of the commodity market, and attempt to ascertain if his beliefs are similar to those of his. Then the expert will interpret the behavior or the utterances of the commodity dealers and reach a conclusion that if the supply of a product decreases, then, â€Å"other things being equal† the price for the product will increase. Currently, using an expert opinion is an interpretationist approach to market research. The strength of the naturalist approach in establishing that that if the supply of a product decreases then, â€Å"other things being equal† the price for their product will increase is that the naturalist gets information direct from the dealers, that is from the people who are the actual actors. In addition, getting information from several actors increases the validity of the study as well as provides scope for statistical analysis. On the other hand the weakness of such an approach is that the naturalist may misinterpret the data from dealers. For, example the dealers may not eliminate the factors relating to â€Å"other things being equal†. It is possible that factors like a substantially increased demand may have led to the increase in prices but because the naturalist depends on the dealer’s accounts he may accept their interpretation that the prices of commodities have gone up because of decrease in supply. The strength of the interpretationist approach is that the interpreter or the agent has the expertise to interpret the utterances of the dealers. His relationship to the market (environment) is such that he has the ability to make a learned interpretation of what the market dealers utter. In addition, the agent is supposed to have beliefs that are similar to those of the interpretationist. In other words he has the sagacity to take into consideration â€Å"other things being equal†. The weakness of this approach is that the interpretationist has to depend on the interpreter or the expert. He does not have the facility of large numbers. It is not easy to subject the information to numerical analysis. In addition, there is a chance of errors in interpretation because the selection of the agent may be faulty. The agent’s relationship to the market (environment) may not be as close as required. In addition, the beliefs of the agent may be at variance with that of the researcher. In both these cases the results would be erroneous. To sum, there is a conflict in the approach of the naturalist and the interpretationist. Each approach has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Hope: Inferiority Complex and Separate Ingredients Essay

I’ve always found that misconceptions can affect attitude. Sometimes we get too wrapped up in life’s details. The separate ingredients of culture and lifestyle captivate us so throughly that we lose our perspective on life itself. We scurry like mice through a hedge maze–the real beauty of life lies just beyond the bushes, and what is that beauty? Simplicity is what it is. As T. Allen Culpepper, the author of The Myth of Inferiority explains in his article, hope quickly grows dim when the obstecales of life throw their knock-out punches ( Culpepper, 300) Simplicity is the secret key that unlocks the shackles of confusion, and inferiority. and Confusion and inferiority is what we visualize so much of life to be? In some cases, and without hope, life nearly becomes as difficult as a Chinese fire drill. People need a new outlook; the outlook of faith, simple childlike faith. We need to hold onto hope. We should not allow low performance standards sloppy work, plagiarism, misseddeadlines, chronic absence, and other academic sins because so many people claimto have hard lives (Culpepper. pg. 300). Hope grows dim very fast when the strange twists of life throw their knock-out punches. After being badly beaten by pain or grief or loss, who cares about hope anyway? Who is excited about beginning again? The answer is almost nobody. Like a boxer who has taken eleven rounds of pummeling that last fall. to the canvas feels good. It feels good enough to keep a dizzy man down. Fighting four more rounds loses its luster, but why does he want so badly to get up? The answer is he still hopes to win. As Culpepper states, to lower our standards is to accept the false assumption that students at community colleges are inferior (Culpepper pg. 301). We are too easily buffaloed by our emotions. We immediately give in to the whims of our feelings therfore we can quickly lose our sense of worth. Millions of people like to be frightened by horror movies or scary tales. They relish reading anything with the element of suspense. Fictional suspense can be entertaining and healthy. However, we must not listen to the fictional fears our emotions so often create for us. We have to keep a real strongold in this life.

Strategies for responsible business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Strategies for responsible business - Assignment Example For instance, employees may hold sarcastic approach towards the fact that their organization is externally engaged in social work while management is not doing the needful to improve their working conditions. Therefore, the exact definition of CSR can be explained by the overall approach of an organization. A firm that engages in sharing information with its employees regarding probable downsizing, and then helps the displaced employees with new job opportunities is essentially involved in CSR. Likewise, another firm that emphasizes on customer interest by providing them safe, reliable and innovative products is also engaged in a strategic CSR (Waldman et al., 1). The concept of CSR emerged in the aftermath of World War II, and it gained actual foothold in the business world from 1960 onwards (Carroll & Shabana, 85). CSR essentially means that a company performs its certain activities for a larger purpose of social, economic and environmental benefits over its economic and legal goals. Traditionally a business is known for its profit making strategies and its product or service innovations. In this modern age, CRS activities add brand value to an organization. In fact, many organizations promote their CSR activities so as to gain the confidence of more number of people across the globe. The essence of CSR lies in thinking above profit maximization objectives, and striving towards the goal of performing in a viable social and environmental setup. In truth, a company does not legally have any social responsibilities that are not integral part of its business objectives. The need is to put in best efforts to minimize adverse impact on society an d environment; nevertheless the trick lies in balancing such efforts with the core financial objectives. This paper has attempted to critically discuss the following statement: â€Å"Companies engage in CSR because, for a number of reasons, they think it will be good for their profit

Quality Management Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Quality Management Questions - Assignment Example An organization should understand that quality involves meeting and exceeding dynamic needs of all the groups. For example, the needs of consumers may be met by providing goods and services that are in line with customer’s needs and wants. On the contrary, the needs of external customers may be met by carrying out comprehensive marketing research to identify the specific needs of external customers and look for ways of meeting those needs better. Additionally, the needs of internal customers may be met and exceeded by obtaining feedback from the internal customers and applying the feedback obtained to carry out necessary continuous improvements (Evans & Lindsay, 2011). Edward Deming put forth the fourteen principles of effective quality management. Among the four major Deming philosophies that may be applied to improve learning and performance in the classroom, including the use of training on the job to ensuring that there is continuous improvement throughout the learning process, creation of constant of purpose, education implementation, and self-improvement. The philosophy of training on the job may be employed in the academic environment to ensure that learning and classroom performance has been improved. Learners should be equipped with the foundation knowledge to prepare them for intermediate and advanced areas of knowledge. Further learners should be allowed to form teamwork so that they can learn from each other. For example, learners may be given an opportunity to interact and discuss issues that they had learned in the classroom so that they can help each other to understand concepts that they didn't capture well in the classroom (Blanken ship & Peter, 1999). The second philosophy involves continuous improvement. This philosophy may be employed to improve performance through utilization of various tools in evaluating performance to determine whether there are some improvements.  

American Dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

American Dream - Essay Example The origins of Development of American dream can be traced back to WW2. At that time, the economy had been ripped off due to war and the ultimate objective of any American at that time was to secure a steady income along with an ownership of the house. This goal led to increased ethical values along with hardworking, honest and dedicated individuals. The ordinary focus at that time was on community system where people lived with families and were interconnected with each other. This was the primary source of pride and joy for the people. The nation prospered and wholesome value system developed over the period of time (Geela, 2004). In the 21st Century, the American dream has been commercialized and has become more of a marketing concept. The marketing agencies and politicians have been able to convince the people that having a second home, vacation at least once a month in Europe and then purchasing expensive jewelry and equipment is necessary in order to achieve a status in the society. This had led to development of unethical values in the society and destroyed the ongoing prosperity leaving a materialistic aspect in individuals. These values have been deep rooted in the society and are now becoming a major source of all evils in the society. Individuals have started believing that things can bring happiness and prosperity, rather than values. The example of Christmas holiday fits the best. Christmas has been diverted from family meals towards gifts and shopping. Consumerism is the need of the hour since it leads to increased spending patterns across the society, leading to debt perpetuity. The overall concep t have changed, and Americans have started believing that ones with the most wealth and assets live more as compared to the ones who have more happiness. This has led to borrowing of higher amount of debts more than one’s ability to payback. As a result, most of the Americans defaulted and were not able to payback which led to confiscation of their assets and belongings. These people are now depressed, jobless and homeless. This increased debt borrowing also leads to the collapse of the whole financial system. The Subprime mortgage in 2008 was purely based on this explanation. Mortgage brokers distributed the loans under the banner of American Dream and people with poor credit worthiness borrowed; they were not cross examined by the lending institutions. As a result, they were unable to payback which had a busting effect on real estate industry and collapse of major financial institutions which trickled down across the globe. The American Dream is more of a materialistic appr oach towards achieving success and joy in life rather than a positive approach. Innovation, determination, integrity, community, social and ethical values were the true spirits of American behavior which are now covered in a cloak of fraud, unethical practices, ignoring the family and promoting consumerism among the people (Luttwak, 2010). From the downfall of Enron to huge government deficits and escalating inflation, everything is destroyed due to severity of unethical behavior in government and companies. The educational system has been subjected to degradation and the family system has been broken down. The children are separated from their parents and then

Employees Compensation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Employees Compensation - Essay Example The success of an organization basically depends on the employees using their full skills and knowledge in their production, therefore these employees require motivation, this motivation can be done indifferent ways and by different things. The employee Motivation normally involves, the compensation system which is the activity of giving the employees what they really want most from work, it therefore makes the manager get his expectations from the employees, this expectations may include, production of quality goods and services. Motivation will enable the employees to have their goals in the organization achieved; they will have a positive perspective on their position in the organization. Motivation also creates the influence to change and build employees self-esteem and capacity to work. The managers have the responsibility of motivating workers, when the organizational structure is experiencing changes, the manager should come up with a plan that will define the environmental fa ctors that will be able to bring an atmosphere of integrity, honesty, and confidence to the employees. Under this, the managers' plan should consider the factors that motivate his employees; this will involve the determination of the important factors to the employee in his working life, and how they relate to his productivity. He should also find out what motivates the employees in their work, this is a situation where, we find most employees wanting a privileged compensation, an enhanced working environment, and flexible benefits from the amount of work that they do. This can be done by, asking them during performance assessment, attitude inspection, and can also be retrieved from informal discussion on what they want most from their jobs. On the other hand, he should also spot the de-motivating factors of the organization to the employees; these factors may be physical factors which include buildings or equipment or psychological factors such as monotony, injustice, barriers to p romotion and lack of appreciation. 2 Since most workers claim to be working for money, and that their extreme benefit is encouragement; under this, money is regarded to be a low motivator, and that it is only a short time motivator, after a rise is given to the employees salary, so the manager should be aware that benefits given after a particular performance rarely motivate the employees to use their potential effectively, most of the employees say that the benefits are only used to motivate the new employees in the organization but not the existing ones. Therefore, poor motivation may lead to a change in the organizations' performance; therefore the manager should adopt a policy for managing changes within the organization. The introduction of this change should be motivating to the employees since it can be used as an entry to achievement. To achieve a positive change in an organization, the manager should not tell or instruct the employees, this wont help but it only creates ignorance to the doubts and expectations of the employees, therefore one should carry out discussions, through which the sharing of a particular problem will help in the management to come up with better actions in dealing with the issues that are predicted to affect the productivity of the firm, due to the shared ideas and decision making

Crml Reseach Assistment 1 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Crml Reseach Assistment 1 - Article Example Kidnapping is an offence, which according to law, has been categorized into degrees in relation to its magnitude (Kaplan, 2004). The best type of research that will be applied when approaching the problem of kidnapping is descriptive. Through descriptive research, the important variables; dependent and independent will be established, which will aid in conducting the research. The descriptive research will start by exemplifying the problem, conducting a literature review, developing a research tool, identifying the population and sampling, data collection, and thereafter analyzing the data. This research will take on quantitative method, which will aid in testing the hypothesis scientifically. Qualitative data will be derived from a reliable source, which is the population, and this will be through conducting a sample survey. The data will be analyzed with the aim of establishing whether they correlate or associate with one another. For instance, through quantitative research, the study will try to prove the hypothesis, â€Å"Individuals from richer families tend to be victims of kidnappings while individuals from less privileged backgrounds tend to be the instigators of kidnappings†, to be true (Kaplan,

How does the Media Influence Perception of the Female Representation Essay

How does the Media Influence Perception of the Female Representation - Essay Example Gone are the days when beauty lay in the eye of the beholder, and a well-proportioned body was a thing of beauty and object of admiration. But, then, we live in a consumer, if not a consumerist, society where consumption means â€Å"the purchase and use of goods, leisure activities and services†. (Jagger. 2000). Though some writers (Schama. 1987) trace consumerism to the 17th century Netherlands, others (Ewen. 1976; Susman. 1982) emphasise that it was not until the years between the First and the Second World Wars in the USA and Britain that consumer culture became fully established. The elusive â€Å"ideal† Even today one hears it said the world over that â€Å"consumer is king†, or the â€Å"queen† as the case may be, but the insidious brainwashing of the â€Å"king† or the â€Å"queen† by the media at the instance of advertisers has left the â€Å"queen† with no volition. She dances to the tunes of the media, the tunes called by advertisers who pay the piper. Consumer society develops an increasing need to shop, meaning that individual consumers are increasingly finding the definition of themselves within commodities which can develop a feeling of high or low esteem if they do not have the new car, handbag, or pair of shoes presented as the new â€Å"ideal†. (Marcuse: 1964). Shakespeare may have had his own reasons for saying in one of his plays that â€Å"good wine needs no bush†(â€Å"As You Like It†), but in today’s world advertising rules the roost and helps what amounts really to commodification of the consumer. After all, they have come to see themselves in terms of the commodities and goods that they purchase and possess. Advertisers sell the "ideal" image that most people long for but not all of whom can achieve. That "ideal", of its very nature, is unattainable, a mirage that one keeps chasing all one's life, is not allowed to be realised in the palaver of the media. Those who buy the advertised products are made to image that they are buying the resultant image. Thus, advertising claims to sell a lifestyle through the wares it hawks. Commodities are consumed not only for their "use value" but also for their "sign value" (Jagger: 2000). That means commodities are bought also for "what they signify" (p.47) because "symbolic consumption is fundamental to the process by which modern individuals create and display their identities". Nature defied! Similarly, one's appearance "does express personhood" (Judith Andre. 1994. p. 21). "It expresses one's choice, one's values, and one's taste" and thus, possibly, one's identity. Thus, what was once considered immutable and the work of Nature is being reworked. For consumer culture to flourish, not only do new images have to keep being created, but consumers need to have reasons for keeping on buying. The reason, Jagger argues, is "the desire for the sign, not the commodity itself". In other words, it is not the intrinsic worth or utility of a commodity that influences that judgment of consumers but its appearance. Above all, the tendency to keep up with the Joneses, the need to be seen having what everyone wants, forgetting that the ideal is unattainable, combine to help advertisers put consumers into a straitjacket. An obvious example is the television programme "MTV Cribs" where the rich and the famous show viewers around their homes, and, in the process, show what is most likely something they will never have. However, it is something viewers will continue to

Business Legal Structures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Legal Structures - Essay Example The owner of the business is usually the person who runs the day-to-day activities and responsibilities of the business (Kuratko & Hodgetts 190). Accordingly, that one individual also owns all properties and assets of the business, and all the profits realized from the business operations. As such, these individuals are also responsible for all the debts or liabilities, as the law and the public views that individual as the same entity with the business (Miller & Jentz 530). Although it is looked upon as a business easy to run with several advantages, it has a number of disadvantages as well. The merits of sole proprietorship are that it is the least expensive type of business in both formation and organization, and the proprietor has total control over the business, thus allows business decision making according to their appropriation by the business law parameters (Miller & Hollowell 385). In addition, the owners receive all the profits from the business, no additional taxation, no business reporting to government agencies, and easy dissolution if so desired. Further, the owner of the business only has to secure the few legal requirements like tax identification number, necessary licenses, and certificates to start business operations. It is only this form of business operation where decision making is fast. This is because the owner does not need to make consultations as it is the case with other forms of business managements. The most significant demerit of sole proprietorship is that the proprietor has unlimited liability, and thus legally responsibility for all liabilities or debts of the business. Other disadvantages include the difficulty of selling or transferring part or all of the business resulting from the tax consequences associated with converting this from of business to a corporation or company (Miller & Jentz 532). In addition, the proprietor lacks financial support as enjoyed by other forms of legal structures, and the business risks failure on the incapacitation of the proprietor as all management responsibilities lies upon them. Again, the business has difficulties in attracting high-caliber employees, as well as deducting some employee benefits like medical insurance. If it happens that the business in its operation incurs a loss, the proprietor suffers it alone, with no one to share the liability with. Partnership The second form of business is partnership. A partnership is a form of business where ownership lays between two or more people. Similar to sole proprietorship, the laws does not recognize business partnerships as different entities from their owners (Laro & Pratt 88). There are, however, limited liabilities partnerships where the liability of the partner is limited to their share of investment in the business, though there must be at least one partner who remains liable (unlimited) for the debts of the business (Kuratko & Hodgetts 192). Nonetheless, the partners is required to have a legal agreement that stipulates how decisions concerning the business will be made, profit sharing, resolutions of disputes, admission of future

Digital Bangladesh Essay Example for Free

Digital Bangladesh Essay Bangladesh is a developing country. She achieved independence 42 years ago but still she depends on foreign helps regarding many issues. She is trapped in a lot of problems such as poverty, over population, unemployment, corruption, health hazard, food and accommodation crisis, illiteracy etc. But, the present government has promised and started taking steps to change the situation and has determined to build a â€Å"Digital Bangladesh†. The sense of Digital Bangladesh is not clear yet. We assume that the gov. wants to make Bd fully digitalized by the year of 2021 through application of third generation information and communication technology. It was an election manifesto(2008) of Awami League, one of the leading political parties of Bangladesh. The philosophy of Digital Bangladesh comprises ensuring people’s democracy and human rights, transparency, accountability, establishing justice and ensuring delivery of gov. services to the citizens through maximum use of technology with the overall improvement of the daily lifestyle of people of all classes. The government further emphasized on the four elements of DB Visions which are: human resource development, people development, civil services and use of information technology in all possible sectors. It is not only e-governance or e-commerce or e-banking or operating a country wide mobile phone network, it is a combination of all of them. It is a country-wide application of 3G ICT to institutionalize the best management practices in every sectors and sub-sectors. The scope of Digital Bangladesh is very wide. It includes the following substances: democracy and effective parliament, political framework, decentralization of power and people’s participation, good governance through establishing rule of law and avoiding political partisanship, corruption free society, empowerment and equal rights for women, economic development and initiative, infrastructural development, environment etc. To digitalize Bangladesh with 3G technology in 12 years is fairly ambitious. It needs strong commitment and strategic planning for sustainable Digital Bangladesh. The starting must focus on developing infrastructure in terms of hardware, software and manpower. Merely buying millions of computers and distributing among several thousand workstations in educational institutions, commercial and medical organizations will not digitalize Bangladesh. Local qualified manpower must be available to run the system without depending on foreign experts. To produce such human resources, government must assign highest priority to the  improvement of science, technology and management education and develop our own manpower. Unless we perform the basic terms, Digital Bangladesh will make Bangladesh highly vulnerable by making dependent on those nations that manufacture, control and distribute ICT. Sustainability is more imp than starting. If we fail to manage a sustainable digital Bangladesh with our own resources, Digital Bangladesh 2021 will harm rather than benefit the nation. But if we succeed, Bangladesh will achieve independence literally.

PZT Material for Excessive Vibration

PZT Material for Excessive Vibration In this study it is designed and implemented a robust control technique to suppress excessive vibration and also perform health monitoring of a structure using a single piece of PZT material. The main idea is to use sliding mode controller to achieve the vibration suppression, impedance-based structural health monitoring technique, and to implement sliding mode observer to prevent any undesirable interaction between the health monitoring system and the control system, when they are implemented together. The usage of smart materials to perform nondestructive assessment of structures is of great interest to civil engineering and other engineering fields, since the integrity of the structure is not compromised. In addition, the modern each day more flexible structures bring to researchers in the field the need to find alternatives in vibration suppression.   Implementing health monitoring together with vibration control is therefore the combination of these two need in a practical and economic manner, in the sense that uses the smart materials and control devices/techniques. Smart materials have the ability of changing their properties when subjected to certain external conditions, such as electric or magnetic fields, for example. In this study the smart material used is in the form of piezoelectric patches. The health monitoring technique used in this research is the impedance-based health monitoring, which is based in changes in the structural impedance. The fundamental idea of this approach is to screen the changes in structural mechanical impedance brought on by damage. An experimental set up was performed in a free-free aluminum bar in order to check the applicability of this method. In this experiment, five pairs of PZT patches had been attached to the bar and an electrical impedance analyzer measured the electrical impedance. Damage was simulated by attaching two ten millimeters bolts between the third and the fourth PZT patch. As far as the control technique goes, it is implemented a sliding mode controller, which is designed to attain a robust v ibration control performance in the presence of the uncertainties and disturbances. Sliding mode control is a nonlinear control strategy that adjusts the dynamics of a nonlinear system by forcing the system to slide alongside a surface of the systems regular behavior. One problem this study has to deal with is the health monitoring signal that enters the feedback control loop, since the same PZT patch is used to simultaneously perform health monitoring and to sense the control system in the feedback control loop. In order to try to solve this issue, a sliding mode observer is designed. In order to evaluate the feasibility of the method proposed, both experimental and numerical studies were performed to a single cantilever beam. The controller and observer were designed based on the four lower vibration modes of the beam. The experimental set-up performed to assess the impedance-based health monitoring technique showed that a great change in impedance happens in the region where damage occurs. The experimental and numerical results showed the sliding mode observer was capable of filter the high frequency content that comes from the health monitoring, and the sliding mode control was able to suppress successfully the excessive vibration even after disturbances were introduced. The results from both numerical study and experimental set-up show that this integrated approach can provide significant vibration suppression, while simultaneously detecting damage. The research is important in the sense that brings together the concepts of health monitoring and structural control, and confirms the feasibility of this using sliding mode control/observer and impedance-based health monitoring. However, the study has that are some weaknesses, for example, not much detail is providing regarding the health monitoring of the experimental set-up of the cantilever beam, only vibration suppression results. Also, is not very clear if the results shown are from experimental or analytical evaluation. Only impulse response was verified in this study, and it would be interesting to see how the control behaves in the presence of different types of more complex loads, such as seismic. It is not practical or economically possible to use 4 to 5 PZT patches to every beam a complex civil engineering structure, so the study fails to address how to choose the location of the patches so they can be enough to suppress vibration and detect damage to a more complex struc ture, such as a building.

The Stress of Childhood Gymnastics Essay -- Sports

The Stress of Childhood Gymnastics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For years gymnastics has been a sport that many children participate in. But as the years have gone by it has turned into something other than a place for kids to grow and learn. Its overwhelming commitment has continued to replace kids’ childhoods with stress, mental and physical pain and eating disorders. Many results have come from this change in the gymnastics society. Gymnasts have come to a point where they have been told and directed to understand that winning is the only important factor in gymnastics. â€Å" It’s about the elite child athlete and the American obsession with winning that has produced a training environment wherein results are bought in at any cost, no matter how devastating. It’s about how cultural fixation on beauty and weight on youth has shaped the sport and driven the athletes into a sphere beyond the quest for physical performance.† (Ryan 5)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a society we have the ability to change the ways in which our elite gymnasts are learning gymnastics. We need to redirect the teachings of the coaches and the parent involvement in order to achieve a atmosphere in which gymnasts can explore, learn and gain gymnastic abilities in which they feel they can handle. â€Å" Over the last 20 years there have been many publications on coaching as it relates to sport psychology or sport pedeology. No theoretical framework, however, exsits for explaining which factors are most important in the coaching process and which relationships among these factors are most significant.† (Cote pg.1) I propose that we create an environment with a stress on healthy dieting, good exercise and less strenuous workouts. Not an environment where winning is the prime concern. There are man... ...)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As you can see there are several problems that lye within the gymnastics society, but we the outside force must come to learn, understand and teach the athletes and coaches some of the correct ways in which they can handle situations. I have come across some major problems throughout this paper, along with some good solution which I hope everyone can take into account. It is important for not only the athletes of this country to be aware of the problems they have, but also to inform the rest of society about the situations hence forth. I know things can change when we put our minds together and create action upon our solutions. I hope this information has helped anyone who was having a difficult time understanding some of the issues that arise with gymnastics, or anyone who had a question. â€Å" Don’t let a problem or situation get in the way of a dream.†

Jay Gatsby of The Great Gatsby Essay -- F. Scott Fitzgerald

â€Å"A man’s dreams are an index to his greatness† -Zadok Rabinwitz Jay Gatsby lives for his dreams. His dedication to making his dreams a reality, self-made fortune and social prestige, and the unquestionable love for Daisy Buchanan result in Jay Gatsby’s greatness. In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby, one can determine the world’s view of what greatness truly is. Jay Gatsby is not born great, nor is greatness thrust upon him, but he achieved greatness. Jay Gatsby represents the American Dream: life, loyalty, and the pursuit of happiness. Jay Gatsby dedicates his life to make his hopes and desires real. Jay Gatsby started his life out in the mid-west, as an ordinary, lower class citizen. However, Jay Gatsby did not grow up as Jay Gatsby, but as James Gatz, a Jewish boy. â€Å"James Gatsby- that was really or at least legally, his name† (Fitzgerald 98). He worked for over a year along the shore of Lake Superior. Once he saw Dan Cody’s yacht anchored off shore, he knew that life in the small mid-west town was not for him, he had bigger and better plans for his life. Dan Cody was much older than Gatsby, and he made his wealth from the silver fields of Nevada and the Yukon and every metal since the late 1800s. â€Å"Cody was fifty years old then, a product of the Nevada silver fields, of the Yukon, and every rush of metal since seventy-five. The transactions in Montana coppers that made him many times a millionaire found him physically robust, but on the verge of soft-mindedness, and, suspecting this, an infinite number of women tried to separate him from his money† (Fitzgerald 98). Gatsby knew that having a contiguous relationship with Cody was his chance to make all his dreams come into existence. Gatsby he rowed his boat ... ...m just for a minute, when they were first married—and loved me more even then, do you see?† (Fitzgerald 152). However, Gatsby and Daisy’s feigned relationship went into asunder. Gatsby misconceives Daisy’s love for him, Daisy does not equally love Gatsby as he does her. Daisy chooses to stay with Tom Buchanan, her peremptory husband, for her own security. Gatsby’s greatness resides with his dreams. He pursues the things he hopes, longs, and desires for. Jay Gatsby held onto his dreams, and held on to them as long as it took to make them into reality. Nick saw the greatness in Gatsby â€Å"They’re a rotten crowd. You’re worth the whole damn bunch put together† (Fitzgerald 154). Jay Gatsby represents those who take life extract a greater meaning from it and lives for a purpose. Works Cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Macmillan, 1992.

The Elements of Style and Style Toward Clarity and Grace :: Teaching Writing Education Essays

Strunk and White's Elements of Style and Joseph Williams' Style Toward Clarity and Grace When I initially thought about writing style I believed that there would be some nice neat definition, and maybe a few rules that would govern writing with â€Å"style†. It turns out that I grossly underestimated this topic and while I knew that writing style would be a topic of considerable depth, I did not fully understand the degree that I would be pondering the issue of writing with â€Å"style†. The first book I encountered, The Elements of Style written by William Strunk Jr. and E.B. White was a collection of numerous rules, that presumably if you followed would lead you to writing with â€Å"style†. This book is a handy reference book and one that I am sure I will continue to turn to. My favorite quality of this book is that it is short, sweet and to the point. The Elements of Style, was written is such a way that it was easy to understand which helped me paint a picture of what writing with â€Å"style† is like. This book is a collection of numerous tips and ideas that help the reader to know what it is that they need to do in order to write with â€Å"style†. The information that I found to be most useful came in the chapter entitled An Approach to Style. In this chapter the authors lay out some practical guidelines to writing with style. Some headings from this chapter are â€Å"Place yourself in the background, Write in a way that comes naturally, Work from a suitable design† (76). After I read this chapter I felt that I had a better knowledge of what writing with â€Å"style† really was. I began to understand the more abstract concept of style, it became more than following a series of set rules. Joseph Williams book Style Toward Clarity and Grace expanded the seed that was planted by the Strunk and Williams book and took my thoughts on style to a higher level. With his sometimes exhaustive examples and in depth discussions Williams paints a much more vivid picture of what writing with â€Å"style† is. Perhaps what made Williams book clearer was the way he laid out his book. Williams book is not laid out like a reference book like the Strunk and White text.

Cartoon Analysis

A Show For decades people have migrated to America from all over the world in hopes of having that beautiful home with a white picket fence and a yard big enough for two children and a dog. Today, people are still chasing that dream. They haven't realized that the American Dream is merely Just that, a dream. These immigrants believe that by coming to America their life will suddenly be better and easier. What's worse is that President Obama and the government led the immigrants on by portraying theAmerican nation to be a place where dreams come true and everyone is welcome. That is exactly what is being illustrated in The New York Times political cartoon, Undocumented Fun For Undocumented Children. Brian McFadden uses eye-catching colors, the southern United States borderline, and U. S. Representatives to show how the U. S. Government continues to act as if they are willing and prepared to receive more undocumented immigrants. The most flamboyant technique that the creator uses in th is strip is the eye-catching colors.Red and yellow are the two brightest colors used in the strip. Red is also a color known to cause a physical reaction within the human body. I believe the creator uses these two colors to highlight the most important points throughout the cartoon. For example, there is a large red stop sign with written on it. This seems to be the main goal and message that the creator wants to get across. Then, the creator's main concern stands out four times in yellow and reads, â€Å"U. S. BORDER. By using these bright and old colors Brian McFadden is able to complete the first step in sharing his message by catching his readers' attention. The image that is most vivid in this cartoon strip is the map of the United States with its southern border left open to connect the dots. This type of imagery is brilliant in conveying the cartoon's message. If this picture were to be presented alone anybody would easily be able to grasp the underlying message. It is in th is section of the cartoon strip where the creator's point is most Leary stated.The issue presented is obviously the U. S. Border, which is represented by the eight dots to be connected. The creator also uses humor in this piece to lighten the mood of the readers but still gets the point across. The last well- presented elements in this cartoon strip were the characters. The characters featured were President Obama, the border patrol, three other U. S. Representatives, and a young undocumented child. We learn a lot about the U. S. Government through these characters. These U. S. Preventatives reveal to us how the government publicly portrays that they want to help immigrants. Though, McFadden makes it clear that the government is doing this solely to please the American people who are for immigration. For example, the Senate passed the immigration bill. In the strip, a U. S. Representative expresses how he can't seem to find the bill. This shows us how the government is actually brus hing off the immigration concerns of the people. There is a lot being said in Undocumented Fun for Undocumented Children.

Asha Accredited Social Health Activist Health And Social Care Essay

On June 26, 1965, a twelvemonth before the Cultural Revolution ( 1966-76 ) in China, Mao Zedong in a address condemned the urban focal point of health care and urged physicians to better medical conditions for the rural batch. These physicians were subsequently dubbed as â€Å" The barefoot physicians, † as these physicians were husbandmans who worked in the Paddy Fieldss, barefoot. With a medicine kit on one shoulder and a profligate on another, the small ruddy book of Mao citations in one manus and a Mao badge pinned on their shirts – this iconic image of Chinese barefoot physicians changed the urban prejudice of the medical system of the clip. The shoeless physicians plan was integrated with China ‘s National policy after the Cultural Revolution, blossoming an epoch of concerted community engagement in health care, perchance for the first clip at such a monolithic graduated table. Looking into the Indian context, both contemporary and in retrospection, one can happen about the same issues that prompted Mao to denote such a strategic and out of the box wellness plan. Give the astronomical, yet skewed, proportions of donees that healthcare systems in both India and china demand to aim, Mao ‘s solution was valid in the Indian context excessively. However, since the types of authoritiess and therefore the manners of administration in Indian and China are poles apart, concept such as primary and societal health care, though dating back to the Bhore Committee Recommendations in 1946, started taking concrete form into the National policy merely through the last two decennaries.The contours of Healthcare in National PolicyThe first 5 twelvemonth program ( 1951-55 ) witnessed a Community Development Programme ( CDP ) , launched as a cover, multipurpose plan designed to make conditions of economic and societal advancement for the whole community. The CDP spanned a cross multiple sectors such as agribusiness, conveyance, societal public assistance and Industries. It provisioned for the creative activity of a Primary Health Centre per Community Development Block ( CDB ) which comprised of about 100 small towns. Apprised of the hapless incursion of Health attention Centres and of a low Healthcare bringing centres to aim population ratio, the Government of India set up the Mudailar Committee in the 2nd program, which recommended restricting the population served by such Centres to 40,000 from 1 hundred thousand. The Rural Health Scheme was launched following the suggestions of The Shrivastav Committee in 1977, whereby a Para-professional and Semi professional wellness worker pool from within the community was created for deeper incursion of the hitherto neglected subdivisions of the population. The Community Health Volunteer-Village Health Guide ( VHG ) was later launched wherein Short term preparations were imparted to community womenfolk apart from a little inducement to work. India as a signer to the Alma Ata Declaration 1978, witnessed an of import survey group on â€Å" Health -An alternate Strategy † commissioned by ICSSR and ICMR ( 1980 ) . While the decisions of the survey group outlined a overplus of spreads that existed in the manner health care was delivered in India, it besides argued that most of these wellness jobs were conformable to be solved at the primary health care degree through community engagement and ownership. It was in this study that the preparation of a comprehensive national wellness policy following an inter-sectoral attack was recommended. A figure of such survey groups were set up in the late seventies, all of which concluded that bing wellness services and manpower had to be ramped up well. Aligned to the Alma Ata Declarations sketching the duty of a province to supply primary health care to its people the 1st National Health Policy ( NHP ) was formed in 1983, which among other policy enterprises, emphasized the function of private and voluntary establishments to back up the authorities in integrating of wellness services in the state, particularly in the rural and backward countries. In the bend of the millenary, despite additions in results and betterments in wellness substructure, India had yet to accomplish the ends enlisted in the first National Health Policy. Almost two decennaries subsequently, The 2nd National Health Policy was formed in 2002, stressing on increasing entree to decentralized public wellness system and puting an increased sectoral portion of allotment out of the entire wellness disbursement to primary wellness attention. The most recent of all policy models sing health care in India has, nevertheless, been the National Rural Health Mission, which was launched in 2005 and which was aimed at an betterment over people ‘s entree to preventive and healing health care, peculiarly in the rural countries. It is viewed as an ‘architectural rectification ‘ of the Indian public Health system to enable it to beef up public wellness direction and service bringing in the state. It envisages appropriate wellness forces to be placed at assorted degrees get downing from the small town degree in to the full functional wellness Centres with equal linkages across degrees. The Sub-centre is the most peripheral and of import degree of contact with the community under the public wellness substructure. This caters to a population norm of 5000, but is efficaciously serves a much larger population at the Sub-centre degree, particularly in 8 Empowered Action Group ( EAG ) States. With merely about 50 % MultiPurposeWorker MPW ( M ) being available in these States, the Auxiliary Nurse and Midwife ( ANM ) was to a great extent overworked, which impacted outreach services in rural countries. The nature of occupation duties of the Anganwadi workers ( with accent on auxiliary eating and pre-school instruction ) did non let them to take up the duty of a alteration agent on wellness in a small town. Thus a new set of community based officials, named as Accredited Social Health Activist ( ASHA ) was proposed to make full this nothingness. ASHA would be the first port of call for any wellness related demands of disadvantaged subdivisions of the population, particularly adult females and kids, who find it hard to entree wellness services. In paragraphs that follow, the functions, duties, profiles for ASHA militants have been highlighted, casting visible radiation on the function of these militants in societal and community mobilisation and engagement.Accredited Social Health Activist ( ASHA )In retrospect, ASHA is frequently called the Resurrection of the Community Health worker ( CHW ) or Village Health Guide ( VHG ) , both about 30 twelvemonth old strategies. However, ASHA is a newer and modified version of these strategies with past lessons learnt, and causes of past failures addressed. As her name suggests, an ASHA is an ‘activist ‘ and non merely another characterless worker in the wellness system. Actually, ASHA is more identifiable with the really successful and the universe celebrated impression of C hinese ‘barefoot physicians ‘ . In fact, ASHA appears to be suited mix of the CHWs and thought of barefoot physicians. ASHA is besides authoritative illustration of the principle and the importance behind the constructs of societal and community mobilisation. Past experiences of policy shapers and research workers sing the theoretical accounts of development and determination devising have made them concentrate upon the importance of societal mobilisation. Methods to better direction of centrally planned plans, enterprises to bring forth critical political will to supply appropriate way and support to development plans, and attempts to affect communities as determination shapers and implementers of their ain development have received considerable attending. Change agents and grassroots organisers have urged the authorization of those sections of society whose engagement and engagement is important in the attempt toward equity and justness. The construct of ASHA is based on the wide graduated table motion to prosecute people ‘s engagement in accomplishing a specific development end through auton omous attempts. It is a planned decentralised procedure easing alteration for development in health care bringing mechanism through a scope of participants engaged in interconnected and complementary attempts. Most significantly, it takes into history the felt demands of the people, embraces the critical rule of community engagement, and seeks to authorise persons and groups for action. The functions and duties of an ASHA are designed and spun around the larger ends of community engagement and societal mobilisation in the health care bringing system. Her activism in footings of consciousness on wellness, its societal determiners enables community mobilisation towards local wellness planning and facilitates increased use and answerability of the bing wellness services. She is a booster of good wellness patterns, supplying a minimal bundle of healing attention as appropriate and executable for a degree and doing timely referrals. What follows in the remainder of this write up is an analysis of how these wellness militants are playing an instrumental function in societal engagement and mobilisation of the community, equity in the entree to wellness attention and decrease in exposure of communities to ill wellness through community authorization by turn toing the societal determiners of wellness.How the Roles and Responsibilities of ASHA are aligned to Social mobilisati on.Mobilization involves alteration, and alteration involves complex interaction among groups in different sections of society who hold divergent attitudes, values and involvements. Isolated efforts to affect assorted groups are non plenty. Keeping this in head the functions of ASHA have been carefully defined to show in alteration at the community degree. An analysis of how the some functions and duties are aligned towards societal alteration is listed below. ASHA creates consciousness and provides information to the community on determiners of wellness such as nutrition, basic sanitation & A ; hygienic patterns, healthy life and on the job conditions, information on bing wellness services and the demand for timely use of wellness & A ; household public assistance services. Therefore, capacitating groups and communities of hapless adult females to utilize this information as a agency and a right in their battle to critically understand their world and the causes of several evitable medical conditions, doing them objects, and at the same clip, assisting them to transform and retrace their world in conditions of liberty, doing them topics of such a transmutation. ASHA gives reding to adult females on birth readiness, importance of safe bringing, breastfeeding, immunisation, contraceptive method and bar of common infections including Reproductive Tract Infection/Sexually Transmitted Infection ( RTIs/STIs ) and counsels them on how to take attention of the immature kid. Such valuable information empowers these vulnerable subdivisions to better grok the importance of healthy patterns. ASHA aims to mobilise the community and ease them in accessing wellness and wellness related services available at the village/sub-centre/primary wellness Centres, such as Immunization, Ante Natal ( ANC ) and Post Natal Check-up ( PNC ) , ICDS, and other services being provided by the authorities. This function assumes a degree of internalisation and psychological satisfaction, which is deep plenty to do the community, proprietors of the mobilization procedure, and which is besides a stipulation for sustainability Her function as the supplier of primary medical attention and propagator of life salvaging preventative and healing information is premised on constructing up cognition bases by adult females based on positive elements in their ain cognition system and entree to the many pools of modern cognition. ASHA builds trust and credence by offering healing clinics as its first enterprise with a community. As trust is developed, they are able to call up and develop adult females wellness voluntaries and traditional birth attenders. Further mobilization occurs through adult females ‘s action groups ( Mahila Mandals ) , which discuss wellness and societal issues. These groups progressively become involved in bettering their overall wellness conditions by their ain direct action or buttonholing the gm panchayet.Why is it of import that wellness programmes are owned by the people and how ASHA is doing a alteration?One of ASHA ‘s cardinal schemes is empowerment and development of human potency and consciousness with regard to community wellness and good being. In the outworking of this scheme, the vulnerable progressively gain ownership of the programme. Second, community engagement occurs through the formation of the adult females ‘s action groups, and other such Self Help Groups. In India, the basic Torahs are merely, but frequently hapless people do non hold the assurance or they were withal to entree these rights. These action groups give adult females the chance to voice their jobs and work with neighbors to happen solutions. They gain self assurance to talk out for themselves and have been well more effectual in act uponing sustainable wellness results. ASHA besides interact with SHG Groups, if available in the small towns, along with AWW, so that a work force of adult females will be available in all the small towns. They jointly organize look into up of pregnant adult females, their transit for safe institutional bringing to a pre-identified functional wellness installation. They besides organize wellness insurance at the local degree for which the Medical Officer and others could supply necessary proficient aid. Besides, the construct of an ASHA is coupled with its cheques and balances so that it can accomplish its fullest potency in conveying about existent and sustainable alterations in the health care bringing mechanism and the range of wellness services. Periodic studies are envisaged under NRHM in every small town to measure the betterment brought approximately by ASHA and other intercessions. This facet of an ASHA ‘s service to the small town wellness helps supervise the terminal end of such an inaugural – sustainable community health care.ASHA: An establishment in the devising?Institutionalization, per Se, is a something that talks about how, over a span of clip, a certain manner of making things becomes the norm in a society and how an full society starts following such a norm. In India, a societal health care and its moralss have been crude and disused or worse still, about absent. Institutionalization in health care would necessitate a alteration in the attitude and a sense of trust demands to be fostered among the facilitators of wellness deliverables and the donees of the same. A sense of ownership of self-health and community health is a requirement excessively since this feeling of ownership would organize the base of any such establishment. So far in this write up, we saw how ASHAs are redefining the manner rural health care is delivered. Let us now analyse that merely about how an ASHA is a instance of possible institutionalization, and in bend an enabler of community development. While Institutionalization and its signifiers encompass multiple factors, these factors can efficaciously be categorized into under 3 wide determiners viz. ,Internal enabling environmentStructure that supports and facilitates institutionalization, andSupport mapsThe undermentioned subdivision throws light on how these properties of institutionalization are ingrained into an ASHA ‘s operating rules.Internal enabling environmentPolicy An ASHA plants under clear written directives of the NRHM, and has written policies back uping quality through clearly communicated directions/directives and supplying support, counsel, and support for quality betterment, an built-in portion of such activism. Such clearly defined policies help these militants to keep their focal point every bit good as be cognizant of the terminal end of their work. Leadership An ASHA is a leader who works straight and openly to better wellness by puting precedences, advancing a acquisition ambiance, and going a equivalent word of the paradigm alteration in the lives of people every bit far as rural wellness is concerned. Core values Since an ASHA is a adult female from the same small town where she finally works, her nucleus values are compatible to that of the donees of her facilitations. When a vulnerable subdivision deprived of modern cognition sees one of its ain people taking a alteration, and therefore starts accepting the norms set thereby, institutionalization is facilitated. Resources As respects directives and defined policies, an ASHA has been allocated sufficient homo and material resources for carry oning, back uping, and keeping wellness consciousness and betterment activities in the NRHM.A Structure that supports and facilitates institutionalizationInstitutionalization needs clip, and another of import characteristic that is needed for a procedure, or societal mobilisation plan to be institutionalised is a strong support construction. Such a support construction is non a â€Å" right † or â€Å" the right † construction, but needs to be effectual construction. In this peculiar instance of an ASHA, the support structures vary and here ‘s why. A support construction of a socially focused plan is mostly dependent on the political, technological and economic environment in which the plan operates. Health being a province topic and the huge economic disparities that exist amongst assorted provinces in India make certain that the operating environments are non unvarying for ASHA. While in some provinces ASHAs are already an establishment, with phenomenal decrease in MMR and other indexs of overall wellness, in other provinces these militants are still to happen solid land for doing existent alterations. Such a support construction entails Where the inadvertence of such activism prevarications, which includes puting strategic waies, puting precedences and monitoring of advancement. Coordination amongst assorted degrees of the health care concatenation and bringing mechanisms. ASHA ‘s duties and functions cut across several service bringing and authorities plans such as their dependance on the Auxiliary Nurse Midwives and the Anganwadi workers. Institutionalization of the ASHA plan would depend a batch upon how seamless such coordination really is. The true construction for Institutionalization in a plan is manifested in how the functions for executing activities are divided and/or delegated within the plan. The functions and duties of ASHA in this regard are clearly defined and their terminal ends etched out obviously. Accountability is another of import factor for a societal plan to travel on to go an establishment. Keeping with this organisational fact, the ASHA plan is monitored closely by plan direction groups and besides Periodic studies are envisaged under NRHM in every small town to measure the betterment brought approximately by ASHA.Essential Support mapsSupport maps provide support to the â€Å" staff † of such community oriented societal plans to set about, prolong and populate up to the existent challenges of their function in the rhythm of alteration. ASHA when seen under this visible radiation is non merely another wellness worker in the betterment of the health care bringing mechanism but is an â€Å" militant † , whose function in taking this alteration is polar. So any plan which is en path the way of institutionalization requires that its systems and policies guarantee Capacity edifice, which in this instance is done through regular preparations and meetings of the ASHA militants with ANM and Anganwadi workers. The preparation plans are designed in manner which ensures Provision of basic expertness — such that these ASHAs on initiation receive initial and go oning cognition and accomplishment development in preventative and healing health care techniques and inter-personal communicating accomplishments Ongoing coaching and mentoring — such an property to the preparation of ASHAs which ensures a â€Å" civilization of quality † . This in bend helps in doing sustained attempts towards the terminal end. Supervision – supportive supervising of ASHA are established at assorted degrees and regular interface meetings of ASHA are designed to guarantee a proper input to end product and feedback mechanisms. Such meetings and supervisings occur at the Sector Level Block Level District Level. Communication mechanisms, which guarantee that communicating of new criterions and new policies of wellness and betterment activities, increasing the likeliness of credence of and conformity with such enterprises. In ASHA ‘s instance this ensures that the rural population and peculiarly the vulnerable subdivisions feel and understand that health care is everyone ‘s concern and it ‘s their excessively. In the terminal, an equal and balanced wages system plays a critical function in prolonging the focal point of ASHA militants, furthering a sense of committedness to quality and motive to endeavor for excellence. Such a wages system besides identifies the deterrences to workers that presently exist and address them consequently. Again, in ASHA ‘s instance while such reward systems exist in some provinces, in other provinces the deficiency of adequate and a merely wages systems to ASHA workers could turn out to be a hurdle towards pan institutionalization of this wellness plan.ASHA: The land worldsASHA, the flagship plan of the National Rural Health Mission is non the first plan on rural wellness in India but the attending it drew from wellness militants and wellness forces is phenomenal. This addition in outlooks from this plan is attributed to multiple factors, such as the authorities ‘s initial committedness towards a phased addition in healthcare disbursement as a per centum of the GDP from less than 1 % to 2-3 % . While policymakers conceptualised NRHM, they did it with an oculus towards run intoing the Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) , of which India is a signer. That, holding been said, even 5 old ages after the NRHM was launched, there are still issues associating to ASHA, the flagship plan of the NRHM. Although ASHA has most of the ingredients needed to turn into an establishment of kinds, but the issues that the societal plan faces today are manifold. Abrasion is one major job that this plan faces. Since ASHA is a chief stakeholder in the plan and it has non been planned that what should be done if an ASHA leaves the wellness system. While there are commissariats for an ASHA ‘s initiation into the wellness system, the choice is clip devouring and besides sufficient preparations have to be re-imparted to the new ASHA. Second, the dependance of an ASHA on Anganwadi workers ( AWW ) and Auxiliary Nurse Midwife ( ANM ) is apparent and there are increasing Numberss of instances where other officials in the system get down deputing their work to ASHAs. Furthermore, other than a provinces, most provinces are still to supply infrastructural installations ( dedicated edifices etc. ) to stand in Centres so that ASHAs can transport out their duties efficaciously. A batch more focal point is needed towards the uninterrupted and on the occupation preparations to maintain them motivated and abreast with latest intercessions and attacks towards community healthcare betterment. This would non merely do a universe of good to the ASHAs themselves in footings of their ego assurance and knowledge possible but besides heighten the assurance of the rural batch. While ASHA appears to be a well designed plan, with all the necessities for an ideal community based plan, there are still a batch of spreads to be addressed across degrees. While it would be early to foretell its result in footings of success or failure given the broad and diverse mark donees of this plan, the necessary political will, bureaucratic streamlining and private non net income motivations need to be channelled decently for this societal plan to transfigure into an establishment and a theoretical account for future wellness intercessions. Besides, deserving mentioning is the function of rural directors here, who with an apprehension of modern direction techniques coupled with the demands of the donees of such wellness plans can set the losing pieces of the mystifier together.

Nursing and American Nurses Association Essay

Describe the definition of nursing as put forward by the American Nurses Association. How does it address the metaparadigm theories of nursing? According to the American Nurses Association (ANA), the definition of nursing is â€Å"the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations.† Metaparadigm theories of nursing consists of theories that describe the four interrelated concepts, which are persons, environment, health and illness, and nursing. Persons are the recipients of nursing care and include individuals, families, and communities. Environment refers to the surroundings of the client, internal factors affecting the client, and the setting where nursing care is delivered. Health and illness describe the client’s state of well-being. Nursing refers to the actions taken when providing care to a patient. ANA’s definition of nursing has included three of the four concepts that make up the metaparadigm theories of nursing. Its definition strongly emphasizes the concept of nursing. It listed many functions that nurses perform such as: protecting, promoting, optimization of health and physical abilities, preventing illness and injury, alleviating suffering, and advocating for patients (ANA website, n.d.). All these nursing actions are related to the care of health and illness, which is the second concept of the metapardigm theories of nursing. The ANA’s definition of nursing describes in more detail the concept of health and illness in terms of health, abilities, illness, and injury. These physical conditions affect the state of well-being and may lead to one’s own suffering and negative responses (ANA website n.d.). Persons is the third concept. According to the ANA definition of nursing, persons include: individuals, families, communities, and populations that receive nursing care. The fourth concept is environment. It is directly related to the other three concepts mentioned above. The environment is the surroundings or the settings in which nursing care is delivered and includes the in the hospital, home, theater, etc†¦

Discuss Merle Hodge’S Crick Crack Monkey As a Novel Essay

Merle Hodge born in 1944, in Trinidad is the daughter of an immigration officer. After studying at the Bishop Anstey’s high school of Trinidad, she obtained the Trinidad and Tobago Girls Island Scholarship in 1962 which led her to the university college of London. She obtained a degree in French and later in 1967 a Master Philosophy degree. Merle Hodge traveled a lot in Eastern and Western Europe and when she returned to Trinidad she started teaching French in junior schools. Later she obtained a post of lecturer at the University of the West Indies. In 1979, she started to work for the bishop regime and she was appointed director of the development of curriculum. In 1983, she left Grenada because the bishop was assassinated and she is now working for the Women and Development Studies at the University of the West Indies in Trinidad. She wrote the novel Crick Crack Monkey in 1970 where she deals with the theme of childhood in the West Indies. The main protagonist called Tee lives with Tantie who is a working class woman. She later goes to live with her aunt Beatrice and she faces a new and different world from that of her Caribbean world: â€Å"Hodge’s story is presented through the eyes of a black, lower class girl of Trinidad in the 1950s.† The whole story is one presented from one point of view: Tee’s. She is left alone by her father who goes abroad after the death of her mother and she has to live with her lower class Tantie where she learns about being independent. Later in the story her aunt Beatrice takes her and she then has to adapt herself to the ‘white’ world. She faces a lot of cultural and identity conflict as she does not really know where she belongs or what culture is wrong or right. â€Å"However, looking at the story of â€Å"crick crack monkey† through the eyes of a young white girl, rather than a young black girl, the reader might see the injustice and the ethnic discrimination that a black person must endure. She would not be accustomed to being called a â€Å"little black nincompoop† (Hodge 457), and she would most likely not have to suffer a physical beating with a ruler (Hodge 456)† Tee becomes the narrator and Hodge guides the reader through an â€Å"intensely personal study of the effects of the colonial imposition of various social and cultural values on the Trinidadian female.† Tee narrates the diverse problems in her life in such a way that it is often complicated to split up â€Å"the voice of the child, experiencing, from the voice of the woman, reminiscing; in this manner, Hodge broadens the scope of the text considerably.† It has often been seen that the British have used various techniques to influence the viewpoints of the Caribbean people. â€Å"The people’s self awareness, religion, language, and culture has coped with the influx of British ideals and in coping, the people have changed to appease the islands’ highly influential British population.† Crick Crack Monkey is made to be a novel dealing with the conflict of cultures that Tee has to accept. We first meet Tee when her mother dies and she is portrayed as being surrounded by people. She experiences ‘crowd-scenes’ where she has all her family and friends around her to give her support. At Tantie’s house, she had Tantie’s loud presence and when she was absent she had the presence of other children. This in a way is made to reflect the Caribbean culture where every one is warm and caring and where the people like to stay together and entertain social relationships: â€Å"As Yakini Kemp notes, â€Å"she [Tee] is moving progressively toward the development of a positive self-image while she resides with Tantie† (24). Tee is made to be independent and having a voice for herself in the Trinidadian society. She has a confident personality which has been molded by the culture in which she was living. These episodes where Tee is made to be surrounded by the people of Trinidad are made to contrast with the isolation and the loneliness which Tee is made to feel at her Aunt Beatrice’s place: â€Å"these scenes set up a contrast to the loneliness the narrator-protagonists will experience once removed from their original environment and placed into a Western or Western-aspiring one. What Marjorie Thorpe has said about Crick Crack Monkey thus can also be said for Bedford’s novel: â€Å"Throughout the novel Hodge contrasts the warmth and congeniality of Tantie’s household with the loneliness and isolation which Tee experiences at Aunt Beatrice’s† (36) In Crick Crack Monkey Hodge makes the isolation felt by Tee become associated with cultural alienation. She had always been said to belong to an extended family culture where she feels part of the family but the western culture makes her feel out of place and she thus feels alienated from both cultures at a certain point. This alienation process is depicted through the fact that Tee has to move from an Antillean culture to a supposedly European culture: â€Å"In this novel Merle Hodge presents the process of alienation by depicting Tee’s transition from a typical Antillean tradition to that of a pseudo-European culture.† Tee is made to balance herself between the culture of Tantie who gives her â€Å"the promise of staying on with the original culture of the Caribbean islands† and between Aunt Beatrice who gives her a prospect of another culture: â€Å"Aunt Beatrice offers the lure of abroad – a culture that Tee slowly becomes familiar with but does not b elong to.† It is seen that, while Tantie and Aunt Beatrice represent different perceptions of cultures which were present in the island, Ma, Tee’s Grandma, represents another culture. She is the one who tells the children â€Å"‘nancy† stories and she is near to the Tee’s African roots. Tee visiting her grandmother makes her realize that: â€Å"Ma’s sayings often began on a note of familiarity only to rise into an impressive incomprehensibility, or vice versa, as in ‘Them that walketh in the paths of corruption will live to ketch dey arse†. The three women in Tee’s life makes her realize that each one belongs to a class and a culture which is seemingly different from each other and Tee is unable to even understand the culture of her Grandmother so she becomes alienated from the African culture in a way. She is left with Tantee’s culture and with Aunt Beatrice’s culture where both culture makes her in a way lose her own identity . In Merle Hodge’s Crick Crack Monkey, Tee’s education is responsible for her internalization of the European or the western culture. It is found in the novel that even before Tee is made to go and live with her Anglicized Aunt Beatrice she has to learn about their culture where things which she has learned in her Caribbean culture does not exist â€Å"Books transported you always into the familiar solidity of chimneys and apple trees, the enviable normality of real Girls and Boys who went a-sleighing and built snowmen, ate potatoes, not rice, went about in socks and shoes from morning until night and called things by their proper names, never saying â€Å"washicong† for plimsoll or â€Å"crapaud† when they meant a frog. Books transported you always into reality and Rightness, which were to be found Abroad. (61)† It has often been seen that the colonial education was part of massive artillery to colonize the mind of the people and that this helped to consolidate the colonialists power and culture. It is said that the ‘whole educational apparatus was geared towards cultural domination by consent’ and that in a way it completely destroyed the culture and the cultural education of the colonized people. They were in fact alienated from their own culture through the colonized education and they were made to create an environment where they would desire the Eurocentric culture. This is in a way what happens to Tee who is made to feel alienated from her own culture by the colonial education she is given. Tee’s education thus in a sense puts her in an unbearable state: â€Å"since her own world does not have the same cultural referents as the one she is taught to regard as â€Å"correct,† she is forever trying to â€Å"catch up,† always seeing herself in terms of a world which can never be her own because it is always elsewhere.† She is always lacking in her acceptance of this culture: â€Å"her whole socialization process comes to affirm that however many of the cultural standards prescribed by the educational system, her teachers, or Aunt Beatrice she adopts, she always falls short — and so do her teachers and Aunt Beatrice, who are similarly caught in a cycle of self-denial and self-hatred.† Tantie representing the Caribbean culture warns Tee not to get carried by the colonialist instructions and this warning comes in time when Hodge introduces the teacher, Mr. Hinds who â€Å"is bent on living an English reality in the face of the facts of the Caribbean because he holds Englishness as the highest value in his life, and so it is not surprising that â€Å"[e]everyone knew that Mr. Hinds had been up to England† because he is eager to let everyone know about it. His devotion to the metropolis assumes a worshipful attitude illustrated by his â€Å"daily endeavor to bring the boys to a state of reverence† towards a â€Å"large framed portrait of Churchill† (24).† He makes the colonial education, the center of his teachings and what he teaches the students does not even include the Caribbean reality that the children are living. He tries to instill the English culture in the students: â€Å"from apples to Christmas to snow and the haystacks the children learn about in their school primers — who do not have any lived knowledge of England, thus attempting to erase Caribbeanness in them as it has been erased in him.† There is one passage which addresses the issue of language, identity and of culture. Mr. Hinds being irritated with his students says, â€Å"‘Here I stand, trying to teach you to read and write the English language, trying to teach confounded piccaninnies to read and write. . . . I who have marched to glory side by side with His Majesty’s bravest men — I don’t have to stand here and busy myself with . . . little black nincompoops† (29). This in a way reflects the culture which is often adopted by the western world where people think that the way you speak is a representation of yourself proposed by Ashcroft. The students are made to reject their local language to adopt the language of the colonizer and the†use of the language highlights cultural specificity† when the vernacular language is inserted in the novel. The very rendering of the vernacular in written English gives it equal status to â€Å"mainstream† English and linguistically symbolizes an act of resistance and a cultural alternative – Creole culture — that, in the plot of the novel, is marked by a relative wholeness when juxtaposed to Mr. Hinds’ and Aunt Beatrice’s self-alienation, which is expressed in the above passage through Mr. Hinds’ concern with having his students learn â€Å"proper† English. According to Frantz Fanon: â€Å"Every colonized people — in other words, every people in whose soul an inferiority complex has been created by the death and burial of its local cultural originality — finds itself face to face with the language of the civilizing nation; that is, with the culture of the mother country. The colonized is elevated above his jungle status in proportion to his adoption of the mother country’s cultural standards. He becomes whiter as he renounces his blackness, his jungle. (18)† Mr. Hinds is the representation of the colonized man who tries to act white. He creates walls between himself and the children where he is in a way rejecting his own blackness and is trying to make them accept the culture of the colonized through language: â€Å"attempting to make them like himself, with language as a primary standard of culture, he also tries to prove his own cultural â€Å"redeemability,† the possibility of becoming English.† Tantie represents the Caribbean culture and thus she tries to preserve it in Tee. It seems that the culture in which Tee is living is mixed with the European culture and there are many agents of ‘westernization’ which are present in the society. Mr. Hinds seems only to be a puppet who has been employed to prepare Tee for her awaiting life at the household of Aunt Beatrice: â€Å"it is for good reason that Tantie warns Tee of such indoctrination in the vernacular, since the vernacular is the only cultural basis for Tantie (and potentially for Tee) from which to launch a defense.† The novel shows that the children have to go to Aunt Beatrice’s place in order to obtain the proper education and Tantie has to let the children live with Aunt Beatrice. In a way she knows that the colonial education and system is all that matters to succeed in the world. It seems that Aunt Beatrice’s westernized house is the only ‘proper’ place for the children to stay because it contains all the cultural values of the Europeans. At her arrival there it is immediately shown how the world of aunt Beatrice is different when Tee’s and Todan are made fun of because of their clothes and color: â€Å"Not only color and features are under scrutiny concerning their similarities and dissimilarities to European beauty standards, but so are clothes, as Tee finds out when her cousins inspect her wardrobe soon after her (second) arrival: â€Å". . . We are shown how with the phenomenon of â€Å"double consciousness,† Du Bois’ term: â€Å"While Du Bois speaks of African Americans looking at themselves through the eyes of racist whites, Tee looks at herself through the eyes of her cousins, who have so thoroughly imbibed a British colonialist world view that nothing appears to exist resembling even remnants of a Caribbean identity.† makes Tee feel aware of her color and of her clothes as compared to her colonized cousins. When Tee had gone to Aunt Beatrice’s place the first time, she used to beat up her cousins and later on when she goes there again she is in a way crippled by her education and through her indoctrination of the standards of the European culture. The first time she had Tantie’s culture fully present in her, she had all her Caribbeaness in her and had not been made aware that she has to judge herself by the standards of others and that the European culture was the scale along which she should judge herself and her achievements: â€Å"Tee has already been indoctrinated into standards of â€Å"Reality and Rightness† and she recognizes her cousins as being closer to the Anglophile standards instilled in her, quelling the resistance against their denigration that was still available to her when she drew her world view and strength from Tantie’s cultural orb.† In this new world which is different from the world of Tantie, all that represents the African culture is denigrated and shown to be insignificant. Aunt Beatrice in every way makes Tee feels that the white world and culture is supreme and the clothes she had brought is seen as ‘niggery’ and everything connected with Europeans is adorned and there is the example of the photograph of the ‘white ancestress: â€Å"Such veneration of â€Å"white blood† illustrates that Aunt Beatrice does not merely admire and strive to emulate English culture, but that her Anglophilia is ultimately rooted in racist and Darwinist beliefs in the superiority of bloodlines and â€Å"races.† Thus, in her eyes, African ancestry in and of itself is a liability, not merely African culturally acquired styles and behaviors. This explains her manic attempt to erase everything in herself, in her daughters, and in Tee, reminiscent of such ancestry†. She is in a way trying to ali enate the Caribbean culture in Tee just as Mr. Hinds had tried to do. Tee is made to feel alienated from the world she used to know. In this new world she is made to feel powerless and she feels that she cannot cope when she has to speak or when she dresses as she cannot and is not fully accepted in this Europeanized world of her cousins: â€Å"As Ketu Katrak has said, â€Å"Beatrice cultivates bourgeois values that despise blackness in every form — skin color, speech patterns, food† (66), and this is a legacy from which Tee cannot escape†. She does not belong to the culture of Tantie anymore and nor does she belong to the culture of the Aunt Beatrice ad she only feels torn between the two. This is shown when she cannot accept the food brought to her by Tantie and: â€Å"The final scene demonstrates that Tee now lives between the worlds, not belonging to either. Unable ever to be accepted fully into Aunt Beatrice’s household and Englishness, she is also alien to Tantie’s world.† Ketu Katrak says that â€Å"Colonized people’s mental colonization through English language education, British values, and culture result in states of exclusion and alienation. Such alienations are experienced in conditions of mental exile within one’s own culture to which, given one’s education, one un-belongs.† (62) Tee has received an education and a western culture which is very much unlike the culture of Tantie and which in a way makes her feel the dullness of her Caribbean culture and of Tantie’s world. Tee feels alienated and marginalized since the time she has started to learn the European culture and she did not feel this before in Tantie’s household. Tee’s alienation leads her to hopelessness and feelings that she is unworthy of living: â€Å"(Thorpe 37): â€Å"I wanted to shrink, to disappear. . . . I felt that the very sight of me was an affront to common decency. I wished that my body could shrivel up and fall away, that I could step out new and acceptable† (97). Though she does not actually contemplate killing herself, her self-hatred and eagerness to assimilate are the cultural equivalent of suicide.† Tee is found without a culture and ‘Aunt Beatrice’s self-negating and self-hating cultural influence’ on her seems to destroy her identity. Tee is unable to live in both culture and the novel: â€Å"thus ends on an ironic note: to save Tee, who is unable to return to the Caribbeanness she has known in Tantie’s household through having become socialized in the worship of Englishness, Tantie sends her to the ultimate source of this cultural negation: to the metropolis, to England† â€Å"Hodge goes to great pains to portray the cultural bankruptcy of playing monkey to the Great White Ancestor. In this important respect, the narrative, which in the fiction a mature Tee relates, places considerable vaule on the vulnerable African oral culture that so easily succumbs to the power of the written†. Crick Crack Monkey ending gives us a hope for Tee who goes to London and â€Å"The goal of the novel, it seems, is not to idealize a lost African past but to reveal the cultural sovereignty of Trinidad.† BIBLIOGRAPHY: Web sites: * BILL CLEMENTE: The A, B, C’s of Alienation and Re-Integration : Merle Hodge’S Crick Crack Monkey * httpClemente.htm * httpcrick crack monkey study guide.htm * The Two Worlds of the Child: A study of the novels of three West Indian writers; Jamaica Kincaid, Merle Hodge, and George Lamming * httpJamaica Kincaid, Merle Hodge, George Lamming.htm * Two Postcolonial Childhoods:Merle Hodge’s Crick Crack, Monkey and Simi Bedford’s Yoruba Girl Dan * http Jouvert 6_1 – 2 Martin Japtok, Two Postcolonial Childhoods Merle Hodge’s Crick Crack, Monkey and Simi Bedford’s Yoruba Girl Dancing.htm * http merle.htm books: * HODGE ,MERLE. Crick Crack, Monkey. Andre Deutsch, 1970; London: Heinemann, 1981; Paris: Karthala, 1982 (trans. Alice Asselos-Cherdieu). Lectures: * Lectures by Mrs. MAHADAWO on Island Literatures.

Review of Literature on Multicultural Literarture Dissertation

Review of Literature on Multicultural Literarture - Dissertation Example A very good introduction to the issues involved in multicultural literacy is provided by Carol D. Lee in her book Culture, Literacy and Learning: Taking Blook in the Whirlwind (Lee, 2007). The second part of the title is taken from a poem by Gwendolyn Brooks which advocates living and flourishing in a maelstrom of contradictory forces and this metaphor is used to illuminate the many pressures that children in some ethnic groups, and especially African Americans, experience when they are growing up. Lee argues for definitions that go beyond simple categorizations: â€Å"To analyse group membership in ways that take history and cultural practices into account, ethnicity is a more powerful and universal concept than race. Ethnicity takes into account history, identity, practices and beliefs.† (Lee, 2007, 11) This implies that educators must have a deep knowledge of their subject but also of the routine practices that go on outside the school gates, in families and among peer grou ps. If the experiences that the learner has in school are unrelated to the outside experiences, then many opportunities for learning are lost. Prior knowledge cannot be tapped into, and students are likely to have poor recollection of what they learn, and be unable to apply it in any realistic context. There is also likely to be a lack of motivation because the relevance of school learning is will be perceived as low. This means that a fundamental task of the teacher is to make sure that there is overlap between the world outside and the world of classroom learning. Programs like â€Å"Funds of knowledge† which bring in a diverse range of adults from the community, or the â€Å"Cultural Modeling Framework† which adds a focus on youth behaviour and â€Å"the very different demands of subject matter learning.† (Lee, 2007,11) Lee homes in on the type of assessments used, and describes interventions in a school with a high proportion of African American learners. Fa ctors like time limiting reading tasks are found to be counter-productive, and exercises such as reading and then talking are suggested as a better way of establishing how the reader engages with a text and makes sense of it than formal writing. Dialogue with the teacher is important, in order to bridge the gap between everyday language and reasoning, and the styles and standards expected in the academic setting. The book concludes that â€Å"displays of competence depend a lot on how competence is both defined and assessed †¦ we privilege particular kinds of displays as evidence of processes of internalization†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The implications of these insights for literacy are that teachers must seek a variety of ways of linking academic reasoning with everyday experiences, and must appreciate different learner styles, for example valuing the quiet learner who may be â€Å"inwardly attentive in ways that are difficult to assess.† (Lee, 2007, 174) Flores-Duenas (2004) dis cusses similar issues and presents a case study of four Latina(o) students illustrating the need to provide reading materials and discussion opportunities which validate the experience of a wide range of students and not just white European American students. The article is prefaced with a very interesting first person narrative

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Marketing Plan - Coursework Example ice is essential for everyone and this means that with a diverse menu, the right place and innovation the restaurant can be a success in the face of tough competition. Restaurants exist to meet the needs of customers and this is the only way in which they can make a profit. Although habits and social construction influence culinary taste and preferences, the price charged for a culinary experience has an impact on demand (Sloan, 2000, Chapter 1). In addition, it is important to decide about the requirements of customers who will patronize a restaurant, depending on its location. Thus, if a restaurant is within a locality that will attract busy business executives during their lunch hour, it is only proper to try to entice these with the proper cuisine and marketing. Business executives are unlikely to want relaxed gourmet meals in a business district at lunchtime, although they may want to bring in their business guests. Thus, the healthy eating restaurant must provide a wholesome, nourishing, healthy and fulfilling culinary experience at the right price to attract a maximum number of customers to maximize profits. The following presents a discussion about the needs of the customers within the locality in which the restaurant is situated. Other restaurant marketing plans provide insights into expectations from a marketing plan for a restaurant (Palo Alto Software, 2008, â€Å"Sandwich Restaurant Franchise Marketing Plan† and â€Å"Sigmund’s Gourmet Pasta Restaurant†). The Lighthouse restaurant situated near busy office complexes that are at their busiest during the day, while operating at reduced capacity during night, is likely to attract those who must eat out but who want healthy meals. Customers can pay slightly more than the price for junk foods, but want something equally exotic, fulfilling and healthy. Sky rise office blocks near Lighthouse restaurant guarantee customers, but the competition is tough because a large number of other restaurants also

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THEME Comming of Age - Essay Example For this work the author got the appreciations from the critics also. In this story the main character is Andrew Ender Wiggin, he was selected to a battle school along with his sister Valentine and his sadistic brother Peter. In the course of training, Commander Hyrum Graff recognizes that the boy is an intelligent and worthy than others in the camp. The identity makes him alone in the camp as the all other boys ostracize him from the group and he becomes the topper in the battle school. He wanted to keep away from the position of isolation but it will be impossible for him. He feels discomfort till he receives a letter from his sister Valentine and later he decides to protect her in battle school. Later Wiggin was promoted as a commander of the battle school war game because of his skills and in the battle room he proves his skill through performance and gets the appreciations from the superiors. After some months the hero of the story Wiggin exhausts himself with the heavy work and he becomes tired of the war game and was not in a position to contin ue there. The restless work in the battle school made Wiggin as pale and inactive. He turns weak psychologically as well as physically. But his superiors as a highly talented identified him and he performed as if he was in real battleground. For the final exam Mazer Rackham, who was the legend in formic wars, trained Wiggin. In the final exam of the battle school Wiggin was assigned to fight with a war ship. In the war game his master directed Wiggin and he played major roll in the war game. As the commander of his war team he had to destroy the ships of the enemies and he had to create the massacre. But the sensitive Andrew Ender Wiggin fought as a real soldier and destroyed the ammunition of the enemies. He fought in the war game as a real soldier. The boy Andrew used a special weapon named Dr. Device, which is unethical in the war game and destroyed the ships of the enemy. He thought that his unfair decision will send him home and he can remain there with his sister Valentine and his friends. But his superior told him that the genocide and massacre is common in the real war. The soft natured Andrew could not digest the war game, the genocide as well as the massacre. The guilty feeling gave him ill health and he goes into coma. After he recovers from ill health his sister convinces him to leave from the colony ship from the battle room. Later the battle turned into a mind game and Andrew seriously involved in that game and wants to save his staff. His sister Valentine also tries to convince him to come out of that mania. Orson wove the relation between the three people very tactfully and the scenes of the war game are undoubtedly amazing. The author succeeded in drawing the attention of the readers and in the movie the spectators. But in this story dosage of violence is something more. The second part of the novel is a movie and it also entertained the people very much. How ever the novel bagged Nebula award as a best novel in 1985 and Hugo award in the same category in 1986. The two parts remains in the history as a best science fiction novels. The Kite Runner written by Khaled Hosseni In this novel the author describes the relation between the rich and poor boys in the war effected Afghanistan. In contrast to the theme in the previous novel, which describes the struggle of a character between violence and peaceful life, the present chapter